Soils of Indiaभारत की मिट्टियाँभारतातील मृदा questions and answersप्रश्न और उत्तर

How soils of india worksभारत की मिट्टियाँ को समझिए

Think of soil as a child of rock and weather. The same rock under heavy rain and under desert sun gives two very different soils. That is why India, with its rivers, lava plateau, old hard rocks, deserts and mountains, has eight major soil groups.मिट्टी को चट्टान और मौसम की संतान समझिए। एक ही चट्टान भारी वर्षा में और रेगिस्तानी धूप में दो बिल्कुल अलग मिट्टियाँ बनाती है। इसीलिए भारत में, जहाँ नदियाँ, लावा का पठार, पुरानी कठोर चट्टानें, रेगिस्तान और पहाड़ सब हैं, मिट्टियों के आठ प्रमुख समूह हैं।मृदेला खडक आणि हवामान यांचे अपत्य समजा. एकच खडक मुसळधार पावसात आणि वाळवंटी उन्हात दोन अगदी वेगळ्या मृदा तयार करतो. म्हणूनच नद्या, लाव्हाचे पठार, जुने कठीण खडक, वाळवंटे आणि पर्वत असलेल्या भारतात मृदेचे आठ प्रमुख गट आहेत.

Alluvial soil is the most widespread. It is laid down by rivers across the great northern plains and in the river deltas of the east coast. New alluvium, renewed by floods every year, is called khadar; older alluvium on higher ground is called bhangar. It is very fertile, which is why the plains feed so many people.जलोढ़ मिट्टी सबसे अधिक फैली हुई है। इसे नदियाँ उत्तर के विशाल मैदानों में और पूर्वी तट के नदी डेल्टाओं में बिछाती हैं। हर साल बाढ़ से नवीकृत होने वाली नई जलोढ़ को खादर कहते हैं; ऊँची भूमि पर पुरानी जलोढ़ को बांगर कहते हैं। यह बहुत उपजाऊ है, इसीलिए ये मैदान इतने लोगों का पेट भरते हैं।गाळाची मृदा सर्वाधिक पसरलेली आहे. ती नद्यांनी उत्तरेकडील विशाल मैदानांत आणि पूर्व किनाऱ्यावरील नदीच्या त्रिभुज प्रदेशांत संचयित केली आहे. दरवर्षी पुरामुळे नवीन होणाऱ्या गाळाला खादर म्हणतात; उंच जमिनीवरील जुन्या गाळाला भांगर म्हणतात. ही मृदा अतिशय सुपीक आहे, म्हणूनच ही मैदाने इतक्या लोकांचे पोट भरतात.

Black soil, also called regur, formed from the lava rocks of the Deccan plateau in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. It is clayey, holds moisture for a long time and cracks deeply in summer, and it is ideal for cotton. Red soil forms on old crystalline rocks; iron makes it red, and it looks yellow when it is wet (hydrated).काली मिट्टी, जिसे रेगुर भी कहते हैं, महाराष्ट्र, गुजरात और मध्य प्रदेश में दक्कन पठार की लावा चट्टानों से बनी है। यह चिकनी (मृण्मय) होती है, लंबे समय तक नमी रोके रखती है और गर्मियों में इसमें गहरी दरारें पड़ जाती हैं; यह कपास के लिए आदर्श है। लाल मिट्टी पुरानी रवेदार (क्रिस्टलीय) चट्टानों पर बनती है; लोहे के कारण यह लाल होती है, और गीली (जलयोजित) होने पर पीली दिखती है।काळी मृदा, जिला रेगूर असेही म्हणतात, महाराष्ट्र, गुजरात आणि मध्य प्रदेशातील दख्खन पठाराच्या लाव्हा खडकांपासून बनली आहे. ती चिकणमातीयुक्त असते, दीर्घकाळ ओलावा धरून ठेवते आणि उन्हाळ्यात तिला खोल भेगा पडतात; ती कापसासाठी आदर्श आहे. तांबडी मृदा जुन्या स्फटिकी खडकांवर तयार होते; लोहामुळे ती तांबडी दिसते, आणि ओली (जलयुक्त) असताना ती पिवळी दिसते.

Laterite soil is what is left after heavy rain in hot areas washes away the useful nutrients (leaching). With manure it grows cashew, tea and coffee. Arid soil in the desert is sandy and salty, with a hard kankar layer below. Mountain soils change with height; saline soils have too much salt and are improved with gypsum; peaty soils are full of decayed plant matter in very wet areas.लैटेराइट मिट्टी वह है जो गर्म क्षेत्रों में भारी वर्षा द्वारा उपयोगी पोषक तत्व बहा ले जाने (निक्षालन) के बाद बचती है। खाद के साथ इसमें काजू, चाय और कॉफ़ी उगती है। रेगिस्तान की शुष्क मिट्टी रेतीली और लवणीय होती है, और उसके नीचे कंकड़ की कठोर परत होती है। पर्वतीय मिट्टियाँ ऊँचाई के साथ बदलती हैं; लवणीय मिट्टियों में बहुत अधिक नमक होता है और जिप्सम से उन्हें सुधारा जाता है; पीटमय मिट्टियाँ बहुत नम क्षेत्रों में सड़े-गले पौधों से भरी होती हैं।जांभी मृदा म्हणजे उष्ण प्रदेशात मुसळधार पावसाने उपयुक्त पोषक द्रव्ये वाहून नेल्यानंतर (निक्षालन) उरणारी मृदा. खतांच्या साहाय्याने तिच्यात काजू, चहा आणि कॉफी पिकते. वाळवंटातील शुष्क मृदा वालुकामय आणि क्षारयुक्त असते, आणि तिच्या खाली कंकराचा कठीण थर असतो. पर्वतीय मृदा उंचीनुसार बदलतात; क्षारयुक्त मृदेत मीठ खूप जास्त असते आणि जिप्समने ती सुधारली जाते; पीटयुक्त मृदा अतिशय ओलसर प्रदेशांत कुजलेल्या वनस्पतींनी भरलेली असते.

Answers and full solutions are shown. Hide them to test yourself first.उत्तर और पूरे हल दिखाए गए हैं। पहले खुद को परखने के लिए इन्हें छिपाइए।

1. Example 1उदाहरण 1 · Soils of India · Easyआसान

   Which soil of India is described here: a soil of hill and forest slopes whose texture changes with altitude and setting?

   1. Alluvial soil
   2. Red and yellow soil
   3. Mountain (forest) soil
   4. Saline soil (usar)
   Answer:उत्तर: Mountain (forest) soil

   1. Mountain (forest) soil: a soil of hill and forest slopes whose texture changes with altitude and setting.
   2. Saline soil (usar): a soil with too much sodium, potassium and magnesium, improved by adding gypsum.
   3. Red and yellow soil: a soil coloured red by iron in old crystalline rocks, which looks yellow when hydrated.
   4. Alluvial soil: the most widespread soil of India, laid down by rivers across the northern plains (new alluvium is khadar, old alluvium is bhangar).
   5. Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php

2. Example 2उदाहरण 2 · Soils of India · Mediumमध्यम

   Which of these describes laterite soil?

   1. a soil coloured red by iron in old crystalline rocks, which looks yellow when hydrated
   2. a soil left behind by heavy leaching in hot, very rainy areas, used for cashew, tea and coffee with manure
   3. a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton
   4. a sandy, salty desert soil with a hard kankar layer lower down
   Answer:उत्तर: a soil left behind by heavy leaching in hot, very rainy areas, used for cashew, tea and coffee with manure

   1. Laterite soil: a soil left behind by heavy leaching in hot, very rainy areas, used for cashew, tea and coffee with manure.
   2. Red and yellow soil: a soil coloured red by iron in old crystalline rocks, which looks yellow when hydrated.
   3. Arid soil: a sandy, salty desert soil with a hard kankar layer lower down.
   4. Black soil (regur): a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton.
   5. Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php

3. Example 3उदाहरण 3 · Soils of India · Hardकठिन

   Consider the following statements: 1. Red and yellow soil is a soil coloured red by iron in old crystalline rocks, which looks yellow when hydrated. 2. Alluvial soil is a soil coloured red by iron in old crystalline rocks, which looks yellow when hydrated. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. 1 only
   2. 2 only
   3. Both 1 and 2
   4. Neither 1 nor 2
   Answer:उत्तर: 1 only

   1. Statement 1 is correct: Red and yellow soil: a soil coloured red by iron in old crystalline rocks, which looks yellow when hydrated.
   2. Statement 2 is wrong: it pairs Alluvial soil with "a soil coloured red by iron in old crystalline rocks, which looks yellow when hydrated". In fact, Alluvial soil: the most widespread soil of India, laid down by rivers across the northern plains (new alluvium is khadar, old alluvium is bhangar).
   3. Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php

4. Example 4उदाहरण 4 · Soils of India · Mediumमध्यम

   Consider the following statements: 1. Mountain (forest) soil is a soil left behind by heavy leaching in hot, very rainy areas, used for cashew, tea and coffee with manure. 2. Black soil (regur) is a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. 1 only
   2. 2 only
   3. Both 1 and 2
   4. Neither 1 nor 2
   Answer:उत्तर: 2 only

   1. Statement 1 is wrong: it pairs Mountain (forest) soil with "a soil left behind by heavy leaching in hot, very rainy areas, used for cashew, tea and coffee with manure". In fact, Mountain (forest) soil: a soil of hill and forest slopes whose texture changes with altitude and setting.
   2. Statement 2 is correct: Black soil (regur): a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton.
   3. Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php

5. Example 5उदाहरण 5 · Soils of India · Mediumमध्यम

   Consider the following statements: 1. Black soil (regur) is a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton. 2. Red and yellow soil is a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. 1 only
   2. 2 only
   3. Both 1 and 2
   4. Neither 1 nor 2
   Answer:उत्तर: 1 only

   1. Statement 1 is correct: Black soil (regur): a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton.
   2. Statement 2 is wrong: it pairs Red and yellow soil with "a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton". In fact, Red and yellow soil: a soil coloured red by iron in old crystalline rocks, which looks yellow when hydrated.
   3. Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php

6. Example 6उदाहरण 6 · Soils of India · Mediumमध्यम

   Consider the following statements: 1. Black soil (regur) is a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton. 2. Red and yellow soil is a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. 1 only
   2. 2 only
   3. Both 1 and 2
   4. Neither 1 nor 2
   Answer:उत्तर: 1 only

   1. Statement 1 is correct: Black soil (regur): a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton.
   2. Statement 2 is wrong: it pairs Red and yellow soil with "a clayey soil formed from Deccan lava rocks that holds moisture well and suits cotton". In fact, Red and yellow soil: a soil coloured red by iron in old crystalline rocks, which looks yellow when hydrated.
   3. Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php

Common mistakesआम गलतियाँ

• Calling black soil volcanic ash. It comes from the weathering of lava rocks (basalt) of the Deccan plateau.काली मिट्टी को ज्वालामुखी की राख कहना। यह दक्कन पठार की लावा चट्टानों (बेसाल्ट) के अपक्षय से बनी है।काळ्या मृदेला ज्वालामुखीची राख म्हणणे. ती दख्खन पठाराच्या लाव्हा खडकांच्या (बेसॉल्ट) विदारणातून बनली आहे.
• Thinking laterite is very fertile. It is poor in nutrients because heavy rain washes them out; it needs manure to grow crops.लैटेराइट को बहुत उपजाऊ मानना। इसमें पोषक तत्व कम होते हैं क्योंकि भारी वर्षा उन्हें बहा ले जाती है; फ़सल उगाने के लिए इसे खाद चाहिए।जांभी मृदा खूप सुपीक आहे असे समजणे. मुसळधार पाऊस पोषक द्रव्ये वाहून नेतो म्हणून तिच्यात ती कमी असतात; पिके घेण्यासाठी तिला खत लागते.
• Swapping khadar and bhangar. Khadar is the new, flood-renewed soil near the river; bhangar is the old soil higher up.खादर और बांगर को उलट देना। खादर नदी के पास की नई, बाढ़ से नवीकृत मिट्टी है; बांगर ऊँचाई पर की पुरानी मिट्टी है।खादर आणि भांगर यांची अदलाबदल करणे. खादर ही नदीजवळची, पुरामुळे नवीन होणारी मृदा; भांगर ही उंचावरची जुनी मृदा.

Frequently asked questionsअक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न