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Two essays of 1,000 to 1,200 words in three hours: philosophical and issue-based themes.

• Silence is sometimes the loudest argument.Philosophical: speech, silence and wisdom · 125 marks · 1200 words
• The past should be a lamp to walk by, not a cage to live in.Philosophical: tradition and modernity · 125 marks · 1200 words
• Doubt opens doors; certainty builds walls.Philosophical: knowledge, doubt and certainty · 125 marks · 1000 words
• Great changes are built out of small and unglamorous days.Philosophical: habits, patience and change · 125 marks · 1000 words
• Freedom is a loan from society, repaid in responsibility.Philosophical: freedom and responsibility · 125 marks · 1200 words
• A fall teaches what a climb never can.Philosophical: failure and learning · 125 marks · 1000 words
• Speed without direction is only a faster way of getting lost.Philosophical: progress, speed and purpose · 125 marks · 1200 words
• Those who look only into mirrors never discover windows.Philosophical: empathy and openness · 125 marks · 1000 words
• Wanting less can be a way of having more.Philosophical: needs, desires and contentment · 125 marks · 1000 words
• The true measure of power is the restraint with which it is used.Philosophical: power and restraint · 125 marks · 1200 words
• A school that enrols every child must also teach every child.Issue-based: education · 125 marks · 1200 words
• An algorithm learns the prejudices of the world that trains it.Issue-based: technology and artificial intelligence · 125 marks · 1200 words
• A nation that does not count women’s unpaid work has not fully counted itself.Issue-based: gender · 125 marks · 1200 words
• The planet’s bill will not be split evenly.Issue-based: environment and climate justice · 125 marks · 1200 words
• A democracy is tested less on polling day than in the years between elections.Issue-based: democracy · 125 marks · 1200 words
• Growth that does not create work is a statistic, not progress.Issue-based: economy and employment · 125 marks · 1200 words
• India’s future will be written in its villages as much as in its cities.Issue-based: rural India · 125 marks · 1000 words
• Public health is the quietest form of national security.Issue-based: health · 125 marks · 1200 words
• A digital nation must not forget the citizen who is offline.Issue-based: technology and inclusion · 125 marks · 1000 words
• Justice that arrives late is a promise only half kept.Issue-based: justice and the rule of law · 125 marks · 1200 words

Indian heritage and culture, modern and world history, Indian society and geography.

• Compare the Nagara and Dravida styles of temple architecture. How did the Vesara style draw on both?Indian culture: temple architecture · 15 marks · 250 words
• The Bhakti saints spoke to the people in their own tongue. Discuss how the Bhakti movement enriched regional languages and challenged social hierarchy.Indian culture: Bhakti movement and regional literature · 10 marks · 150 words
• Indian classical dance forms are as much living texts of history as they are art. Elucidate with examples.Indian culture: performing arts · 10 marks · 150 words
• Was the eighteenth century a "dark age" of decline for India, or a time of regional vitality? Critically examine.Modern Indian history: the 18th century · 15 marks · 250 words
• Historians have called the Revolt of 1857 a sepoy mutiny, a feudal reaction and the first war of independence. Evaluate these views.Modern Indian history: the Revolt of 1857 · 15 marks · 250 words
• Explain the "drain of wealth" theory of the early nationalists. Why is it considered their most lasting contribution to the freedom struggle?Modern Indian history: economic critique of colonialism · 10 marks · 150 words
• Analyse how Gandhi turned the national movement from an elite affair into a mass struggle.Modern Indian history: the Gandhian phase · 15 marks · 250 words
• Examine the contribution of nineteenth-century reform movements to social change in India. Why did their reach remain limited?Modern Indian history: socio-religious reform movements · 15 marks · 250 words
• Discuss the role of diplomacy and firmness in the integration of the princely states after independence.Post-independence India: integration of princely states · 10 marks · 150 words
• Many feared that reorganising states on linguistic lines would break India apart. Justify the view that it strengthened national unity instead.Post-independence India: linguistic reorganisation of states · 15 marks · 250 words
• Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain. What were its effects on society, at home and in the colonies?World history: the Industrial Revolution · 15 marks · 250 words
• "The peace of 1919 contained the seeds of the war of 1939." Comment.World history: the World Wars · 15 marks · 250 words
• Analyse the factors that sped up decolonisation in Asia and Africa after the Second World War.World history: colonisation and decolonisation · 10 marks · 150 words
• Compare liberalism and socialism as political philosophies. How has the Indian Constitution blended the two?World history: political philosophies · 15 marks · 250 words
• Elucidate the forces that have held India together despite its vast linguistic, religious and regional diversity.Indian society: salient features and diversity · 10 marks · 150 words
• Despite rising education among women, their participation in paid work in India has stayed low. Examine the reasons and suggest measures.Indian society: role of women · 15 marks · 250 words
• India’s cities are growing faster than their capacity to cope. Discuss the problems of rapid urbanisation and the remedies needed.Indian society: urbanisation, its problems and remedies · 15 marks · 250 words
• Globalisation has been blamed for weakening Indian family values and local cultures. Critically examine.Indian society: effects of globalisation · 15 marks · 250 words
• "Regionalism is not always a threat to national unity." Comment.Indian society: regionalism · 10 marks · 150 words
• Explain how Indian secularism differs from the Western model of a wall of separation between religion and state.Indian society: secularism · 10 marks · 150 words
• A young population is an opportunity only for a limited window. Evaluate India’s preparedness to reap its demographic dividend.Indian society: population and associated issues · 15 marks · 250 words
• Describe how plate tectonics formed the Himalaya and why the region remains highly prone to earthquakes.Physical geography: plate tectonics and earthquakes · 10 marks · 150 words
• Analyse how the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole influence the Indian summer monsoon.Physical geography: climatology and the Indian monsoon · 15 marks · 250 words
• Elucidate the factors that drive ocean currents, and their influence on the climate and economy of coastal regions.Physical geography: oceanography · 15 marks · 250 words
• Describe the distribution of coal resources in India, and the quality issues that affect their use.Distribution of key natural resources: coal · 10 marks · 150 words
• Examine the factors that decide where industries locate, with reference to the shifting location of the iron and steel industry in India.Location of industries: factors and shifts · 15 marks · 250 words
• Explain why the Bay of Bengal sees more severe cyclones than the Arabian Sea, and why this pattern may be changing.Geophysical phenomena: tropical cyclones · 10 marks · 150 words
• How are tsunamis generated? Critically examine how far India’s coastal preparedness has improved since the 2004 tsunami.Geophysical phenomena: tsunami and disaster preparedness · 15 marks · 250 words

Constitution, polity, governance, social justice and international relations.

• The basic structure doctrine has protected the Constitution, but it has also been called judicial overreach. Critically examine.Indian Constitution: amendment and the basic structure · 15 marks · 250 words
• Discuss the role of the Governor in Centre-State relations. What reforms have been suggested to make the office more effective and neutral?Federalism: the office of the Governor · 15 marks · 250 words
• The framers chose responsibility over stability when they adopted the parliamentary form of government. Compare the Indian parliamentary system with the pres…Indian Constitution: comparison with other constitutions · 15 marks · 250 words
• Analyse how the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy has evolved through constitutional amendments and judicial d…Indian Constitution: Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles · 10 marks · 150 words
• The Tenth Schedule was meant to curb political defections, yet it has often failed to do so and has weakened the voice of individual legislators. Critically …Parliament and State legislatures: anti-defection law · 15 marks · 250 words
• Evaluate the role of parliamentary committees in ensuring executive accountability in India.Parliament: committees and legislative scrutiny · 10 marks · 150 words
• The collegium system was created to protect judicial independence, but it is criticised for opacity. Critically analyse, and suggest a way to balance indepen…Judiciary: appointment of judges · 15 marks · 250 words
• Examine whether the GST Council and the Finance Commission have strengthened or diluted cooperative fiscal federalism in India.Federalism: fiscal relations, Finance Commission and GST Council · 15 marks · 250 words
• Tribunals were set up to reduce the burden on courts, but they have raised concerns about their independence. Comment.Separation of powers and dispute redressal: tribunals · 10 marks · 150 words
• Elucidate the role of the Comptroller and Auditor General as the guardian of the public purse. How can its effectiveness be improved?Constitutional bodies: Comptroller and Auditor General · 10 marks · 150 words
• Free and fair elections depend on the independence of the Election Commission. Critically examine the safeguards for its independence and the reforms needed.Constitutional bodies and elections: Election Commission of India · 15 marks · 250 words
• Judicial interventions have tried to clean up electoral politics, but the entry of candidates with criminal cases continues. Discuss.Elections: Representation of the People Act and criminalisation of politics · 10 marks · 150 words
• Three decades after the 73rd Amendment, panchayats remain more agents of the State government than institutions of self-government. Evaluate.Local government: 73rd Amendment and Panchayati Raj · 15 marks · 250 words
• Direct Benefit Transfer has improved targeting of welfare, but cash cannot replace public provision of every service. Critically analyse.Government policies and interventions: welfare delivery · 15 marks · 250 words
• Explain how self-help groups have contributed to the empowerment of rural women. What limits their impact?Development processes: self-help groups and civil society · 10 marks · 150 words
• The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 moved India from a charity approach to a rights approach. Discuss the gaps that remain in its implementation.Welfare of vulnerable sections: persons with disabilities · 15 marks · 250 words
• India’s health system is strong on schemes but weak on primary care. Examine, and suggest steps to make universal health coverage a reality.Social sector: health · 15 marks · 250 words
• India has achieved near-universal school enrolment, but not learning. Critically examine how far the National Education Policy, 2020 addresses this gap.Education and human resources · 15 marks · 250 words
• India has moved from food security to the challenge of nutrition security. Analyse the policy shifts needed to address hidden hunger.Poverty and hunger: food and nutrition security · 15 marks · 250 words
• The Right to Information Act has been called the master key to good governance. Justify this view, noting the threats it faces today.Governance: transparency and the Right to Information · 10 marks · 150 words
• Analyse the major reforms needed to make the Indian civil services more accountable, professional and responsive to citizens.Governance: role of civil services in a democracy · 15 marks · 250 words
• Enumerate the reasons why citizen charters in India have had limited impact, and the measures that can make them effective.Governance: citizen charters and public service delivery · 10 marks · 150 words
• Examine the opportunities and constraints of India’s Neighbourhood First policy in the face of growing Chinese influence in South Asia.International relations: India and its neighbourhood · 15 marks · 250 words
• India is a member of the Quad as well as BRICS and the SCO. Justify this multi-alignment as a pursuit of strategic autonomy.International relations: bilateral, regional and global groupings · 15 marks · 250 words
• Elucidate the role of the Indian diaspora as a strategic asset for India, and the challenges in engaging it.International relations: the Indian diaspora · 10 marks · 150 words
• Critically analyse India’s position at the WTO on public stockholding for food security and the crisis in the dispute settlement system.International institutions: WTO · 15 marks · 250 words
• "A Security Council frozen in 1945 cannot manage the conflicts of today." Comment, with reference to India’s claim to permanent membership.International institutions: United Nations reform · 10 marks · 150 words
• Explain how the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism could affect Indian exports. How should India respond?Effect of policies of developed countries on India · 10 marks · 150 words
• More than three decades after the 74th Amendment, Indian cities are still run largely by State departments rather than by their elected councils. Critically …Local government: urban local bodies and the 74th Amendment · 15 marks · 250 words

Economy, agriculture, science and technology, environment, security and disasters.

• High economic growth has not always translated into good jobs and shared prosperity in India. Examine the reasons and suggest a path to inclusive growth.Indian economy: growth, development and inclusive growth · 15 marks · 250 words
• Discuss the role of fiscal rules in India. Should the focus shift from the fiscal deficit to a debt anchor?Government budgeting: fiscal policy and fiscal rules · 15 marks · 250 words
• Analyse the reasons for India’s relatively low tax-to-GDP ratio and the steps to widen the tax base.Mobilisation of resources: tax and non-tax revenue · 10 marks · 150 words
• The four labour codes seek to balance ease of doing business with worker welfare. Critically examine whether they achieve this balance.Employment: labour reforms and the informal sector · 15 marks · 250 words
• Compare the roles of the Planning Commission and NITI Aayog in India’s development strategy.Indian economy: planning · 10 marks · 150 words
• A legal guarantee of minimum support price is demanded as a solution to farm distress. Critically analyse its merits and fiscal and market implications.Agriculture: minimum support prices · 15 marks · 250 words
• Evaluate the reforms in the Public Distribution System in improving the reach and efficiency of food subsidies.Agriculture and food management: Public Distribution System · 10 marks · 150 words
• Explain how policy incentives have shaped the cropping pattern of north-western India and the ecological costs this has caused. Suggest measures for crop div…Agriculture: cropping patterns and their sustainability · 15 marks · 250 words
• Enumerate the measures needed to improve water use efficiency in Indian agriculture.Agriculture: irrigation and water use efficiency · 10 marks · 150 words
• Examine the constraints on the growth of the food processing sector in India and the role of recent government schemes in addressing them.Agriculture: food processing and supply chain management · 10 marks · 150 words
• Evaluate the success of land reforms in India since Independence. What new reforms in land records and leasing are needed today?Agriculture: land reforms · 15 marks · 250 words
• The 1991 reforms changed the structure of Indian industry but did not make India a manufacturing powerhouse. Critically examine.Effects of liberalisation on the economy and industrial policy · 15 marks · 250 words
• Analyse why many PPP projects in infrastructure ran into trouble in India, and how newer models such as the Hybrid Annuity Model address these problems.Infrastructure and investment models: public-private partnership · 15 marks · 250 words
• Evaluate the significance of opening India’s space sector to private players. What challenges must be addressed?Science and technology: space · 15 marks · 250 words
• Genetically modified crops promise higher productivity but face scientific, ethical and regulatory questions in India. Critically examine.Science and technology: biotechnology and genetically modified crops · 15 marks · 250 words
• Section 3(d) of the Patents Act and compulsory licensing have been criticised by some trading partners. Justify India’s approach with reference to its TRIPS …Science and technology: intellectual property rights · 10 marks · 150 words
• Elucidate the idea of digital public infrastructure with Indian examples. What safeguards does it need?Science and technology: IT and digital public infrastructure · 10 marks · 150 words
• Environmental Impact Assessment in India has become a procedural formality rather than a decision-making tool. Critically analyse.Environment: Environmental Impact Assessment · 15 marks · 250 words
• Air pollution in north Indian cities is a year-round problem, not just a winter crisis. Analyse its sources and the effectiveness of policy responses.Environment: air pollution · 15 marks · 250 words
• Discuss how community participation can strengthen biodiversity conservation in India, with examples.Environment: conservation of biodiversity · 10 marks · 150 words
• India has shifted from a relief-centric to a risk-reduction approach in disaster management. Discuss with examples, and point out the gaps that remain.Disaster management: from response to risk reduction · 15 marks · 250 words
• Examine the link between development deficits and left-wing extremism. Is a security-centric approach enough to end it?Internal security: left-wing extremism · 15 marks · 250 words
• Discuss the cyber threats to India’s critical information infrastructure and the adequacy of its legal and institutional framework.Internal security: cyber security · 15 marks · 250 words
• The Prevention of Money Laundering Act has become a powerful tool against economic and organised crime, but it raises concerns of due process. Critically ana…Internal security: money laundering · 10 marks · 150 words
• "One border, one force" improved accountability but cannot by itself secure India’s varied borders. Comment.Internal security: border management · 15 marks · 250 words
• Explain how social media can become a challenge to internal security, and how the state can respond without curbing free speech.Internal security: role of media and social networking sites · 10 marks · 150 words
• Elucidate the nexus between organised crime and terrorism, and the legal and institutional measures India has taken to break it.Internal security: organised crime and terrorism · 15 marks · 250 words
• Enumerate the Central Armed Police Forces and their mandates, and list the reforms needed in their functioning.Internal security: security forces and their mandate · 10 marks · 150 words

Ethics, integrity and aptitude: theory questions and case studies.

• What do you understand by ethics? How is it different from law and from personal morality? Illustrate with an example from public life.Ethics and human interface: ethics, morality and law · 10 marks · 150 words
• Values are caught more than they are taught. Discuss the role of family, society and educational institutions in shaping the values of a person, with examples.Human values: role of family, society and educational institutions · 15 marks · 250 words
• Should the private conduct of a public servant be a matter of public concern? Examine with reference to the ethics of private and public relationships.Ethics in private and public relationships · 10 marks · 150 words
• Choose one social reformer and one administrator from India. Elucidate the values their lives offer to a civil servant today.Lessons from the lives of great leaders, reformers and administrators · 15 marks · 250 words
• Explain the structure and functions of attitude. How do moral attitudes differ from political attitudes?Attitude: content, structure and function; moral and political attitudes · 10 marks · 150 words
• Government campaigns increasingly rely on persuasion rather than penalties to change behaviour. Discuss the role of social influence and persuasion in public…Attitude: social influence and persuasion · 15 marks · 250 words
• Compare a code of ethics with a code of conduct. Why has India found it difficult to adopt a comprehensive code of ethics for civil servants?Probity in governance: codes of ethics and codes of conduct · 10 marks · 150 words
• What do you understand by integrity in public service? Illustrate with an example from public life how integrity goes beyond merely not taking bribes.Aptitude and foundational values: integrity · 10 marks · 150 words
• Impartiality and non-partisanship are often used interchangeably. Examine the difference between them and why both are needed for a civil service in a democr…Foundational values: impartiality, non-partisanship and objectivity · 10 marks · 150 words
• "A rule applied without compassion can become an instrument of injustice." Comment, with reference to the role of empathy and compassion in serving weaker se…Foundational values: empathy, tolerance and compassion towards weaker sections · 15 marks · 250 words
• What is emotional intelligence? Discuss how it can help a civil servant handle a crisis, a hostile crowd and a demoralised team.Emotional intelligence: concepts and use in administration · 15 marks · 250 words
• Gandhi’s talisman and his list of seven social sins were written for a different era. Comment on their relevance for public servants today.Moral thinkers of India: Mahatma Gandhi · 10 marks · 150 words
• Should public policy aim at the greatest good of the greatest number, or must it never use any person merely as a means? Examine with reference to Bentham, M…Moral thinkers of the world: Kant and utilitarianism · 15 marks · 250 words
• When rules and conscience point in different directions, what should a civil servant do? Discuss, with reference to the sources of ethical guidance in public…Ethical concerns and dilemmas: laws, rules, regulations and conscience · 15 marks · 250 words
• Corruption in India is often described as a problem of systems rather than of individuals. Critically examine this view and suggest measures for ethical gove…Probity in governance: challenges of corruption and utilisation of public funds · 15 marks · 250 words
• Discuss the ethical issues that arise in international relations and in international funding, with examples.Ethical issues in international relations and funding · 10 marks · 150 words
• Good corporate governance is as much about ethics as about compliance. Examine with Indian examples.Corporate governance · 15 marks · 250 words
• What do you understand by probity in governance? Discuss how the Right to Information and citizen’s charters have advanced it, and what limits them.Probity in governance: transparency, RTI and citizen’s charters · 15 marks · 250 words
• You are the newly posted collector of a district where illegal sand mining from a river is rampant. Villagers complain that riverbanks are collapsing and wel…Case study: political pressure and illegal mining · 20 marks · 300 words
• You are the Superintendent of Police of a district where a nine-year-old girl was found murdered. Protesters have blocked the highway, and social media is fu…Case study: police, public anger and human rights · 20 marks · 300 words
• You are the municipal commissioner of a fast-growing city. An engineers’ report declares a six-storey building unsafe; it was built without approval years ag…Case study: municipal administration, safety and the urban poor · 20 marks · 300 words
• You are the district health officer during a sudden surge of a respiratory epidemic. Medical oxygen is in short supply, and you control its allocation among …Case study: allocating scarce health resources · 20 marks · 300 words
• You are a member of a technical committee evaluating bids for medical equipment worth several crores for state hospitals. While scoring bids, you notice that…Case study: conflict of interest in public procurement · 20 marks · 300 words
• Heavy floods have hit several villages in your block, where you are the Block Development Officer in charge of relief distribution. Supplies are limited for …Case study: disaster relief, fairness and political interference · 20 marks · 300 words
• You are an assistant engineer on a state highway project. Lab tests you commissioned show that the material used in a culvert and a stretch of road is far be…Case study: whistle-blowing and personal risk · 20 marks · 300 words
• A large mining project has been approved in a Fifth Schedule district where you are the collector. It promises jobs, royalty income and roads for a backward …Case study: tribal rights, displacement and development · 20 marks · 300 words
• You head the state department that runs an integrated welfare database containing names, addresses, caste, income, health conditions and bank details of mill…Case study: data privacy and welfare databases · 20 marks · 300 words
• You are the quality assurance head of a mid-sized pharmaceutical company that exports generic medicines. You discover that test data for a batch of a childre…Case study: business ethics in a private company · 20 marks · 300 words
• You head a regional office of a central government department. A young woman officer tells you, in tears, that a senior colleague has been sending her inappr…Case study: workplace harassment and institutional integrity · 20 marks · 300 words
• You are the block education officer. In a village school, upper-caste parents have stopped their children from eating the mid-day meal since a Dalit woman wa…Case study: caste discrimination and child welfare · 20 marks · 300 words

Maharashtra-focused questions on its history, society, economy and administration.

• Jyotirao Phule saw caste, gender and the condition of the peasant as parts of one system of exploitation. Evaluate his contribution in the light of this stat…Social reformers of Maharashtra: Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule · 15 marks · 250 words
• Examine why Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur is regarded as a pioneer of social justice through State action.Social reformers of Maharashtra: Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj · 10 marks · 150 words
• From the Mahad Satyagraha to the founding of colleges, Dr Ambedkar combined protest with institution-building in Maharashtra. Discuss.Social reformers of Maharashtra: Dr B. R. Ambedkar · 15 marks · 250 words
• Comment on the debate between Gopal Ganesh Agarkar and Bal Gangadhar Tilak on whether social reform should come before political freedom.Modern Maharashtra: the social reform versus political reform debate · 10 marks · 150 words
• Maharashtra produced both reformers who worked for women and women who spoke for themselves. Discuss with reference to Savitribai Phule, Tarabai Shinde, Pand…Social reformers of Maharashtra: the women’s question · 15 marks · 250 words
• The Samyukta Maharashtra movement was a people’s movement for a linguistic state that cut across party lines. Discuss its causes, course and legacy.Formation of Maharashtra: the Samyukta Maharashtra movement · 15 marks · 250 words
• Maharashtra chose the district, rather than the block, as the main unit of Panchayati Raj. Examine the features, strengths and weaknesses of the model shaped…Maharashtra polity: the Panchayati Raj model · 15 marks · 250 words
• Explain the constitutional and institutional measures taken to address regional imbalance between Vidarbha, Marathwada and the rest of Maharashtra.Maharashtra polity and economy: regional imbalance · 10 marks · 150 words
• Maharashtra’s Employment Guarantee Scheme was a forerunner of MGNREGA. Elucidate its origin, features and lessons for rural employment policy.Rural development: the Employment Guarantee Scheme of Maharashtra · 10 marks · 150 words
• What lessons do Ralegan Siddhi and Hiware Bazar offer for community-led watershed development in drought-prone Maharashtra? Discuss.Water management: community-led watershed development · 15 marks · 250 words
• Marathwada’s recurring water crisis is as much man-made as it is natural. Critically examine, with reference to cropping patterns and schemes such as Jalyukt…Water management: drought in Marathwada and water-intensive crops · 15 marks · 250 words
• Analyse the causes of agrarian distress among cotton farmers in Vidarbha and suggest a way forward.Agriculture: agrarian distress among cotton farmers of Vidarbha · 15 marks · 250 words
• Sugar cooperatives transformed rural western Maharashtra, but they have also faced charges of political capture and inefficiency. Critically examine.Cooperative movement: sugar cooperatives of Maharashtra · 15 marks · 250 words
• Mumbai’s monsoon floods and its slums are two faces of the same planning failure. Examine, and suggest measures for a resilient city.Urbanisation: Mumbai’s floods, slums and planning · 15 marks · 250 words
• Discuss the ecological significance of the Sahyadri and the Konkan coast, and the challenge of balancing conservation with development in Maharashtra.Environment: Western Ghats and the Konkan coast · 15 marks · 250 words
• Evaluate the role of the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation in the state’s industrialisation. Why has industry remained concentrated in a few reg…Economy: industrial development and MIDC · 15 marks · 250 words
• Despite many schemes, child malnutrition persists in tribal areas such as Melghat. Analyse the causes and suggest a more effective approach.Health and tribal welfare: malnutrition in Melghat · 15 marks · 250 words
• Mendha Lekha in Gadchiroli is often cited as a model of tribal self-rule. Discuss what it shows about the Forest Rights Act and PESA as tools of development …Tribal welfare: forest rights and self-governance in Gadchiroli · 15 marks · 250 words
• Examine how the Warkari tradition of Maharashtra promoted social equality and Marathi literature.Culture: the Warkari tradition · 10 marks · 150 words
• The forts of Maharashtra are military history, ecology and tourism in one. Discuss their significance and the challenges of conserving them.Culture and heritage: the forts of Maharashtra · 10 marks · 150 words